Tug,
I assume the distance from the battery to the port bulkhead is at least 15 feet. If so, you will have a total run from the battery to the distribution panel and back to the battery of some 30 feet.
If you run 30 feet of #8 (15' positive and 15' negative), the maximum usable amps for a 3% voltage drop would be a total of 15 amps at the distribution panel; and for a 10% drop voltage drop, it would be 50 amps. A 10% drop from a battery at 12.5V would deliver about 11.25V at your distribution panel (plus additional drops in the loops off the distribution panel).
I would suggest going with a #6 wire. This would give you a usable 25 amps with only a 3% voltage drop and 60 amps at a 10% drop.
I would most certainly put circuit protection as close to the battery as possible to protect the run to the distribution panel. A conservative over-current protection for #8 wire would be 50 amps (ampacity). For #6, it could be 80 amps. I personally like the Blue Sea circuit breakers. You don't have to worry about a spare fuse, and you can get the one with a switch on it. You will find that fuse holder and the fuse will run close enough to the circuit breaker cost to make it a better choice. As others have pointed out, you only need to protect the positive (red) side.
I have used the distribution panel you are using. It can hold 12 circuits. Each of the circuits are then fused to protect that leg. The fuse on the main line from the battery only protects the circuit to and from the distribution panel .
Running lights, VHF, GPS, Bilge Pump (it should be wired separately to the battery), won't pull that many amps (20 or less). But if you wire to a 12V outlet, it could pull up to 15 amps depending upon what you plug in.
So again, for a little more money, I would go with #6 wire.
Tim & Dave Kinghorn
P.S. In our photos, you can see the electrical distribution box we use for two batteries with the Blue Sea circuit breakers.